Aversion

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It's normal to not like certain foods. Food aversion causes you to reject a specific food because your brain tells your body that it's inedible. It also causes your body to react negatively by feeling nauseous or gagging, at the sight, scent or taste of the food.

Symptoms of food aversion vary from person to person and range in severity. Some cases of food aversion are mild where there is a strong dislike for certain foods, and others show a severe repulsion to certain foods that lead to nausea. Symptoms of food aversion include:

Symptoms of food aversion during pregnancy begin during the first trimester. This occurs because the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone increases among people who are pregnant during this time.

Research suggests that hormonal changes, specifically increases in the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone, that happens among people who are pregnant causes food aversions in the same way it causes food cravings.

Your brain is responsible for processing senses including what you see, smell, touch, taste and feel. Sensory processing challenges most often affect children, especially children who are learning to use all of their senses. It also affects people who have an underlying condition that targets the senses like autism spectrum disorder. Children usually display food aversion to things that are new, unknown or related to a previous trauma (for example, they ate something that upset their stomach).

In some cases, especially among people who are pregnant, it's OK to avoid the specific food that causes food aversion as long as you replace the nutrients from that food with something that you can safely eat.

Since the cause of food aversion is unknown, there is no sure way to prevent it. It's especially difficult to prevent food aversion among people who are pregnant because of hormonal changes that cause food aversion.

Loss-aversion is particularly common concerning how we spend and manage our own money. Financial decisions can be particularly impactful to our lives, and if an individual cannot make sound, calculated decisions with their finances, their choices can be detrimental.

Loss aversion can prevent individuals, corporations, and countries from making riskier decisions to address complex challenges. Though risk-aversion is important, it can also prevent the implementation of innovative, and partially riskier solutions.

Before COVID-19, Brazil was known worldwide for its innovative tactics for solving pandemics. Compared to other more prosperous states, the country faces unique constraints involving poverty and government funding when attempting to contain pandemics. That being said, their solution to Zika, yellow fever, and dengue, all transmitted through mosquitoes, was done through genetically engineering the same species of mosquito, to prevent the spread of the viruses. The mosquitoes were genetically modified to be all-male, not bite, and carry a self-destructive gene that causes them to die along with all their progeny.3 This novel method was an extremely risky operation for Brazil to undertake, one which would have cost the country and its citizens if not successful.

Oxitec, a company that provided Brazil with mosquito technology, has created a solution that is both more effective and more eco-friendly than other traditional methods, such as insecticides. Unfortunately, more risk-averse nations, such as European countries, continue to lag in comparison to nations like America and China.4 Even though European countries would greatly benefit from similar technologies to address challenges with crop pests, insecticides are still commonly used. Within the agriculture sector, Europe typically has a more conservative approach, with outdated regulations. Loss aversion within their decision-making bodies has potentially prevented European nations from trying new and emerging technologies, due to the fear of risk and loss4.

The second region in our brain that is active when we process a loss is the striatum. The striatum region handles prediction errors in our minds and helps us become better at predicting things. The striatum shows activity when we experience both losses and their equivalent gains, but it lights up more for the losses.6 The striatum helps us avoid losses in the future.

Though there are many other aspects of the brain that contribute, these three regions are significant when processing a loss and add to how individuals respond to these losses. Depending on the strength of these regions, individuals may be more or less loss averse.5

Many of the most important decisions an individual will face will require incurring losses. Loss aversion can prevent people from making the best decisions for themselves to avoid failure or risk. Though being risk-averse is useful in many situations, it can prevent many people from making logical choices, as the fear of loss is too intense.

Loss aversion was first identified and studied by cognitive mathematical psychologist Amos Tversky and his associate Daniel Kahneman.1 The term was first coined in 1979 in a landmark paper on subjective probability, but was more notably described in 1992 when the researchers outlined a critical idea behind the bias: People react differently to negative and positive changes. More specifically, their research demonstrated that losses are twice as powerful compared to their equivalent gains, a foundational concept of prospect theory.13

Examples of loss aversion are especially notable when looking at financial decision-making. Based on loss aversion, it can be assumed that an individual will more heavily weigh potential costs and failures than potential benefits and rewards, especially when it comes to managing their own money.

Furthermore, this obsession with preventing loss can be seen when an individual is deciding whether to sell their house below the value they purchased it. Even though selling at that moment may be the best option and the largest amount an individual will receive for their purchase, people may be unwilling to make that financial decision as they perceive it as an overall loss.

Loss aversion is a cognitive bias, which explains why individuals feel the pain of loss twice as intensively than the equivalent pleasure of gain. As a result of this, individuals tend to try to avoid losses in whatever way possible.

Insurance companies try to attract new customers by demonstrating the many potential and costly losses an individual can incur in their life. To avoid these losses, an individual would rather pay a small and consistent fee, seen in most insurance companies and their business models.

Loss aversion is common in many instances of financial decision-making. When making investment decisions, selling assets, or purchasing groceries, loss aversion influences individuals and their fear of losing money.

This article describes research on loss aversion, and its use in reducing plastic bags in the environment. The study conducted in the article tested the theory of loss aversion by assessing whether charging a tax had a more significant impact on plastic bag reduction than offering a bonus of the same amount. Plastic bag sales declined by 42% after the tax was implemented but did not change with bonus treatment, consistent with the loss aversion model.

This article outlines consumer responses and attitudes towards carbon pricing policies, and the role of loss aversion in framing experiments focused on carbon pricing policy. It was found that framing consumer tax reimbursements as an incentive increased the positive feelings towards the policy.

While diversion (recycling, composting, etc.) has the spotlight in pop culture, aversion is a more efficient and sustainable practice. The UofA diversion goals are important, but ultimately we hope to lower the need to divert by raising our aversion rate.

In order to encourage our campus to become more responsible in our choices, the Office for Sustainability has created purchasing guides to help you make effective supply chain decisions. Click on the images to view a PDF.

As a student, the on-the-go lifestyle can produce an undesirable amount of trash. The University of Arkansas has dedicated itself to becoming zero-waste by 2040, and the Office for Sustainability wants to help our students work toward the same goal. The most effective method to achieve this goal is to stop waste before it is distributed. To help students achieve this, The Office for Sustainability has prepared a guide detailing the zero-waste friendly policies of all of our on-campus dining facilities!

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